Mapped on the 8-Dimensional Political Compass, analyzed through the lens of Coordination Geometry
Living Civilization candidate analysis series · March 2026 · Sources: osbornforsenate.com, Wikipedia, NBC News, Nebraska Public Media, Roll Call, NOTUS, Ballotpedia, VoteSmart, UAW, The Nation, HuffPost, Nebraska Examiner, FEC.gov
8D Political Compass
The 8D Political Compass places positions along eight ideological axes grouped into four quadrants. Below, each axis shows Osborn's estimated position based on his campaign platform, public statements, and the record established during his 2024 Senate campaign, with the coordination geometry analysis available by expanding each section.
Tap any section to expand the coordination geometry analysis.
Society + politics
Conservatism ↔ Progressivism
ConservativeProgressive
Mixed alignment
Osborn presents an unusual cultural profile. He is a practicing Catholic who describes himself as personally "100 percent pro-life" but opposes federal abortion bans, framing the issue through limited-government principles rather than progressive values. He supports Second Amendment rights, backs law enforcement, and favors border security including physical barrier construction. At the same time, he supports cannabis legalization, opposes discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity, and frames public education as a collective investment rather than a culture-war battlefield. His personal conservatism coexists with a consistently libertarian stance on social policy: people's private lives are their own business.
The framework reads this as a distinction between personal cultural orientation and jurisdictional application. Osborn's personal conservatism is a Cultural field position: it shapes his interpretive lens. His refusal to impose that orientation through federal law is a Jurisdictional field position: constraints should not encode tribal preferences. This separation of fields is itself a wealth-side signature. Debt-based coordination collapses fields, using jurisdictional power to enforce cultural conformity. Osborn explicitly resists that collapse, even when the cultural position he holds could benefit from it. The mixed tag reflects the tension: his cultural instincts lean conservative while his policy output leans progressive, precisely because he keeps the fields separate.
Moderatism ↔ Radicalism
ModerateRadical
Complex alignment
On policy substance, Osborn is a moderate populist. His positions on taxes, border security, Social Security, and veterans' benefits would not be out of place in either party's mainstream. But the structural project underneath those positions is radical by any definition. Running as an independent in a state that has not elected a non-Republican senator since 2006, calling the two-party system a "doom loop," proposing to form an independent Senate caucus rather than aligning with either party, advocating ranked choice voting, and establishing a PAC to support working-class candidates regardless of party affiliation: these are attempts to change the coordination architecture itself, not merely to occupy a different position within it.
The framework distinguishes between radical content and radical structure. Osborn's policy content is moderate. His structural ambition, to break the duopoly's capture of electoral coordination, is radical in the precise sense the framework uses: it requires simultaneous change across multiple fields. Breaking the two-party doom loop means restructuring the Tribal field (new identity signals beyond party), the Jurisdictional field (ranked choice voting changes constraint geometry), the Economic field (small-dollar fundraising replaces donor dependency), and the Cultural field (reframing what a credible candidate looks like). Whether this multi-field project succeeds depends on whether the coordination costs of transition can be absorbed. The Kellogg strike proved Osborn can sustain a 77-day coordination challenge against a major corporation. Whether that scales to electoral politics is the open question.
Economics + state
Socialism ↔ Capitalism
SocialistCapitalist
Mixed alignment
Osborn's economic orientation does not map cleanly onto the socialism/capitalism axis. He is pro-union, supports the PRO Act (card check, secondary boycotts, $50,000 fines for labor violations), wants to raise the minimum wage, and favors mandatory bereavement and sick leave. These positions carry left-of-center signatures. But he also supports cutting taxes for small businesses and the middle class, frames his anti-monopoly positions through competition rather than state ownership, wants to enforce existing antitrust law rather than nationalize industries, and champions right-to-repair as a market-access issue. His campaign organization, named "Conservatives for Osborn," signals deliberate appeal across the conventional spectrum.
The framework sees Osborn's economic positions as anti-consolidation rather than anti-capitalist. His targets are not markets themselves but the leverage multiplication that occurs when capital concentration allows de facto governance without democratic accountability: the Ricketts family buying influence across Nebraska's political apparatus, Kellogg's using a two-tier wage system to extract from its own workforce, John Deere locking farmers into proprietary repair contracts. These are all instances where economic power captures jurisdictional authority, which the framework identifies as a specific mechanism of debt-side coordination. Osborn's pro-union stance functions as a countervailing trust network, not a rejection of markets. The mixed tag reflects the genuine tension: his remedies (PRO Act mandates, minimum wage floors) use jurisdictional expansion to counteract economic capture, which is structurally ambiguous from the framework's perspective.
Authority ↔ Liberty
AuthorityLiberty
Mixed alignment
Osborn's explicit framing tilts toward liberty: "Keep government out of our private lives" is a section heading on his platform. He opposes federal abortion bans, supports gun rights, favors cannabis legalization, and frames right-to-repair as restoring a freedom that corporations have taken away. His opposition to billionaire-purchased elections is framed as protecting democratic liberty from oligarchic capture rather than as expanding state power. However, he also supports significant regulatory intervention: two-person rail crew mandates, blocking private equity healthcare takeovers, increased fines for safety violations, the PRO Act's restructuring of labor law, and federal funding mandates for firefighter cancer screenings. These are authority-side instruments deployed in service of liberty-side goals.
The framework notes that Osborn's authority-side positions share a common thread: they target instances where private concentrations of power have functionally replaced democratic governance. When Kellogg's can fire the union president who led a successful strike, when John Deere can void a farmer's ability to maintain equipment they own, when a billionaire can effectively purchase a state legislature, the absence of government intervention does not produce liberty. It produces private jurisdiction without democratic accountability. Osborn's instinct is to restore the conditions under which liberty is meaningful by preventing capture, not to expand state power for its own sake. This is a wealth-side reading of authority: jurisdictional constraints that prevent field capture and preserve exit options. The mixed tag acknowledges that the instruments are authority-side even when the strategic intent is liberty-side.
Diplomacy + government
Nationalism ↔ Cosmopolitanism
NationalistCosmopolitan
Mixed alignment
Osborn's nationalism is economic rather than ethnic. He supports border security and wall construction, frames illegal immigration as creating "a pool of cheap labor with no rights" that harms American workers, and supports Mandatory Country of Origin Labeling for beef. His 2024 campaign ran ads aligning him with Trump "on China, the border, and draining the swamp." He supports targeted tariffs while opposing blanket ones. At the same time, he recognizes legal immigration as "critical to Nebraska's economy," has expressed openness to legalizing long-term undocumented workers, and his Navy service reflects a comfort with America's international role rather than isolationism.
The framework distinguishes between nationalism as a Tribal field signal (identity-based boundary enforcement) and nationalism as an Economic field position (protecting domestic capital stock from leverage-based extraction). Osborn's border position is primarily Economic: illegal immigration depresses wages through unregulated labor supply, which is a form of debt-side coordination in the Capital equation (extracting velocity from workers who cannot demand market rates because they lack legal standing). His MCOOL position is an Information pillar position: Nebraskans should have verified data about where their food originates. Both map as wealth-side within their respective fields. The mixed tag reflects the framework's agnosticism about whether national borders are themselves wealth-side or debt-side instruments; that depends on whether they preserve exit or enforce capture, and Osborn's positions cut both ways.
Democracy ↔ Autocracy
DemocracyAutocracy
Wealth-aligned
This is Osborn's clearest axis. His entire candidacy is a democratic project: an independent, working-class candidate running against a billionaire who was appointed to his Senate seat by his own gubernatorial successor. Osborn supports ranked choice voting to break the two-party duopoly. He wants to ban billionaires from buying elections. He signed the U.S. Term Limits pledge. He revised his position on term limits after learning that they can empower lobbyists, shifting to support age limits and extended cooling-off periods for the revolving door instead. His Working Class Heroes PAC exists to recruit non-wealthy, non-professional-political-class candidates. His fundraising model relies on small-dollar donations, raising $15 million in 2024 primarily from individual contributors.
The framework maps democratic accountability as a wealth-side instrument when it enforces provenance integrity: decisions trace to verifiable authorization from those affected by them. Osborn's critique of Ricketts is fundamentally a provenance argument. An appointed senator who inherited wealth and used it to purchase political access has weak democratic provenance regardless of his policy positions. The fact that Osborn revised his term limits stance after encountering evidence that the mechanism could produce worse outcomes (lobbyist capture) is itself a wealth-side Information behavior: updating positions when verified data challenges prior assumptions. This is wealth-aligned across multiple fields simultaneously.
Technology + religion
Transhumanism ↔ Primitivism
TranshumanistPrimitivist
Weakly operative
Osborn's technology positions are pragmatic rather than ideological. His right-to-repair advocacy is the strongest signal: technology should serve its users, not lock them into dependency relationships with manufacturers. His railroad safety positions demand technology be deployed responsibly (two-person crews, proper safety compliance) rather than used to cut costs at the expense of human welfare. He does not have visible positions on AI, cryptocurrency, genetic engineering, or other frontier technology issues. His campaign uses standard digital infrastructure (ActBlue, social media) without making technology itself a policy focus.
The framework finds a limited but coherent signal here. Right-to-repair is a Capital pillar position: it preserves the stock value of physical assets by ensuring owners retain the capacity to maintain them. John Deere's proprietary lock-in destroys stock value by making maintenance dependent on the manufacturer's willingness to provide service, converting an asset into a subscription. This is leverage multiplication applied to farm equipment, a debt-side pattern. Osborn's instinct to resist it is wealth-side. But the axis as a whole is weakly operative because Osborn's platform does not engage with the deeper questions about technology's role in human coordination. He is a mechanic who wants to keep fixing things. That is a perfectly coherent position, but it does not produce a strong signal on this axis.
Secularism ↔ Theocracy
SecularTheocratic
Wealth-aligned
Osborn is a practicing Catholic who graduated from Roncalli Catholic High School. His personal faith is visible and acknowledged. But his policy positions consistently refuse to encode religious conviction into law. He opposes federal abortion bans despite describing himself as personally pro-life. He supports cannabis legalization. He opposes discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity. He frames these positions through limited-government principles rather than through secular ideology, saying government "should be kept out of private lives." He does not campaign on religious themes or seek religious-right endorsements.
The framework reads this as a clean separation between the Cultural field (where Osborn's faith shapes his personal interpretive lens) and the Jurisdictional field (where he refuses to impose that lens through binding constraints on others). This separation is wealth-aligned because it preserves exit: citizens retain the capacity to make choices that differ from the candidate's personal convictions without jurisdictional penalty. Theocratic positions collapse these fields, using state power to enforce cultural conformity. Osborn's refusal to do so, even when his own faith would support it, is structurally significant. It demonstrates that his field-separation instinct holds even when the cost is borne by his own cultural commitments.
Four fields of influence: wealth vs. debt
The six fields of influence in coordination geometry include two physical fields (Spatial, Temporal) and four abstract fields (Tribal, Jurisdictional, Economic, Cultural). The abstract fields are where voluntary coordination happens, and where the wealth/debt distinction becomes a choice rather than a constraint.
Tap each field to expand the full analysis.
TR
Tribal field (Network + Purpose)
Debt
Wealth
Wealth-aligned
The principle: The Tribal field asks how trust networks form and who gets recognized as a legitimate coordination partner. Wealth-side tribal coordination builds trust through demonstrated competence and cross-boundary principle. Debt-side tribal coordination builds trust through loyalty signaling and party capture, where belonging is determined by allegiance rather than capability.
The evidence: Osborn's trust network was forged on the Kellogg's picket line, not in a party apparatus. He led a 77-day strike as president of BCTGM Local 50G, maintaining cohesion across 1,400 workers at four plants while facing a temporary restraining order, insurance suspension, and eventual termination by the company. The strike succeeded: workers approved a contract that eliminated the permanent two-tier wage system. Osborn has been registered nonpartisan since 2004. He refused the Nebraska Democratic Party's endorsement in 2024, even though accepting it would have provided organizational infrastructure. He proposed forming an independent Senate caucus rather than joining either party. His Working Class Heroes PAC supports candidates regardless of party, explicitly naming "Republicans, Democrats, Independents, Libertarians, or Legalize Marijuana Now Party" as eligible. His 2026 campaign has drawn endorsements from the UAW and the Reform Party while being attacked by both the NRSC and progressive critics. Lifelong Republican voters in rural Nebraska came to hear him speak in cafes and union halls.
The framework says: This is one of the strongest wealth-side Tribal profiles in the series. Osborn's trust was built through a verifiable test: he stood on a picket line for 77 days, was fired for it, and came back to run for Senate. That is competence-and-principle signaling, not loyalty signaling. His cross-boundary appeal, drawing support from union members, rural Republicans, Reform Party members, and nonpartisan voters, reflects a trust network that routes around party identity rather than through it. The Working Class Heroes PAC is an explicit attempt to build a new tribal topology: one organized around occupational identity and demonstrated commitment rather than partisan affiliation. In the framework's terms, Osborn is attempting to lower coordination costs across tribal boundaries by establishing a trust signal ("working class, not professional political class") that is legible from multiple positions on the conventional spectrum.
Weak point: The tribal signal cuts both ways. "Working class" is itself a tribal identity marker, and Osborn's anti-billionaire framing risks hardening into an in-group/out-group boundary that mirrors the partisan tribalism he opposes. If the trust network organizes around class resentment rather than demonstrated competence, it reproduces debt-side dynamics under a different flag. Additionally, his campaign's reliance on ActBlue and receipt of indirect support from Senate Democratic-aligned super PACs creates a provenance gap: his tribal independence is partially funded by partisan infrastructure, which gives Republicans a credible attack vector. The framework requires honest identification of this contradiction. Osborn's tribal signal is strong, but its independence is not as clean as his rhetoric implies.
JR
Jurisdictional field (Provenance + Purpose)
Debt
Wealth
Mixed alignment
The principle: The Jurisdictional field asks whether constraints trace to verifiable authority and apply symmetrically. Wealth-side jurisdiction demands that binding commitments have clear provenance, that enforcement is consistent regardless of who benefits, and that the authorization chain connecting rule to authority to affected population is intact. Debt-side jurisdiction supports claims without proper authorization chains, applies rules asymmetrically, or creates binding obligations that lack legitimate provenance.
The evidence: Osborn's jurisdictional instincts are visible in several positions. He wants to enforce existing antitrust law through the FTC and DOJ rather than create new regulatory frameworks, suggesting a preference for activating dormant provenance rather than generating new constraints. He supports enforcing the Packers and Stockyards Act of 1921, a law that already exists but has been neglected. He signed the U.S. Term Limits pledge and supports extending revolving-door cooling-off periods, both of which constrain political actors symmetrically. His criticism of Ricketts' appointment, a senator installed by his own gubernatorial successor after buying influence at every level of state government, is fundamentally a provenance challenge: the authorization chain is weak. However, Osborn also supports the PRO Act (which would federally preempt state right-to-work laws), blocking private equity healthcare takeovers, mandatory two-person rail crews, and various federal mandates that expand jurisdictional reach.
The framework says: Osborn's jurisdictional profile reveals a consistent logic underneath the mixed signals: he supports jurisdictional expansion when existing constraints have been captured or hollowed out by concentrated economic power, and he supports constraint enforcement when adequate constraints already exist but are being ignored. The Packers and Stockyards Act is a case of dormant jurisdiction: the law exists, the provenance is valid, but enforcement has lapsed because the regulated industry captured the enforcement apparatus. Osborn's instinct to reactivate rather than replace is wealth-side. The PRO Act is more complex: it expands federal jurisdiction to override state-level right-to-work laws, which means constraining state-level exit options in the labor domain. The framework reads this as jurisdictional intervention to counteract a prior jurisdictional capture (corporate lobbying produced right-to-work laws that weakened countervailing worker coordination). Whether you view this as wealth-side restoration or debt-side expansion depends on which layer of the jurisdictional stack you consider primary.
Weak point: Osborn's jurisdictional positions are not applied with complete symmetry. He opposes billionaires buying elections but uses ActBlue, accepts indirect support from Democratic-aligned super PACs, and has received the Nebraska Democratic Party's endorsement for 2026 despite his independent branding. The framework's test is consistent procedural integrity, not procedural convenience. If the concern is big money in politics, the framework asks whether Osborn would apply the same standard to union PAC spending, Democratic donor networks, and his own campaign's financial infrastructure. His platform does not address this symmetry question directly, which leaves the jurisdictional score at mixed rather than wealth-aligned.
EC
Economic field (Form + Purpose)
Debt
Wealth
Complex alignment
The principle: The Economic field asks whether a candidate's orientation generates velocity through stock activation (wealth-side) or leverage multiplication (debt-side). The Capital equation, Stock × Velocity → Work, provides the diagnostic: does the position increase productive stock, accelerate its circulation through verified channels, or does it extract from imagined futures and externalize costs?
The evidence: Osborn's anti-consolidation positions are the economic core of his campaign. He opposes private equity's extraction model in healthcare (buying facilities, loading them with debt, cutting services, pocketing the margin). He opposes Kellogg's two-tier wage system (extracting productivity from transitional workers at reduced compensation). He supports right-to-repair (preserving the stock value of physical assets). He supports local meatpacking alternatives to the Big Four (increasing competitive stock in the market). He wants to close multinational tax loopholes (preventing capital from being routed through foreign jurisdictions to avoid domestic obligations). These all read as anti-extraction positions. On the other side, his Social Security defense is a maintenance-state position: protecting existing stock that workers have accumulated through payroll contributions. His support for raising the minimum wage and passing the PRO Act are redistributive: they shift the terms of exchange between labor and capital without necessarily creating new stock.
The framework says: Osborn's economic profile is genuinely complex, which is why it earns the "complex alignment" tag rather than "mixed." His anti-extraction positions are clearly wealth-side: private equity's healthcare model is textbook leverage multiplication, where financial engineering extracts value from existing stock (care facilities, staff expertise, patient relationships) and converts it into debt-servicing obligations. Opposing that model preserves stock. Similarly, right-to-repair preserves the velocity of existing capital by keeping maintenance accessible. But his redistributive positions require more careful reading. The PRO Act does not create stock; it shifts the negotiation structure between parties who jointly produce stock. The minimum wage does not create velocity; it sets a floor on the terms of exchange. The framework recognizes that collective action can be wealth-based when it prevents physical capital degradation or maintains the capacity of workers to participate as economic agents. But it also notes that redistribution is structurally distinct from creation, and Osborn's platform is heavier on redistribution than on creation.
Weak point: Osborn does not address the federal debt or monetary policy in any substantive way. His platform promises tax cuts for the middle class and small businesses while protecting Social Security, funding veterans' services, mandating cancer screenings for firefighters, and increasing enforcement budgets, all "without increasing the deficit, by cutting wasteful spending and closing loopholes." This is the standard political arithmetic that treats the deficit as a spending problem solvable through efficiency and loophole closure. The framework's Capital equation demands that the stock-velocity-work relationship be verified, not assumed. If the numbers do not add up, the gap is filled by temporal debt: borrowing from imagined future savings to fund present commitments. Osborn's platform does not show its work on this math, which is a debt-side signature on the temporal axis regardless of his wealth-side instincts on the structural questions.
CU
Cultural field (Observer + Purpose)
Debt
Wealth
Mixed alignment
The principle: The Cultural field asks whether a candidate's interpretive framework enables accurate perception of coordination costs, or whether it gates information through cultural apertures that prevent verified data from entering the coordination record. Culture acts as the lens through which all other fields are perceived. A wealth-side cultural orientation widens the aperture: more data gets through, more coordination costs become visible, more feedback loops remain open. A debt-side cultural orientation narrows it: inconvenient data is filtered, uncomfortable coordination costs are hidden, and feedback loops are closed.
The evidence: Osborn's cultural lens is shaped by direct experience on the factory floor and the picket line. This gives him an unusually accurate perception of certain coordination costs that professional politicians miss: the real impact of two-tier wage systems on worker morale, the lived experience of healthcare costs on working families, the practical consequences of proprietary repair restrictions on farmers. His "two-party doom loop" framing accurately identifies a coordination failure that the conventional spectrum cannot see from inside either party. His willingness to revise his term limits position when evidence challenged it shows an aperture that admits new data even when it complicates the narrative.
Where it gets complicated: Osborn's cultural lens also gates information in specific ways. His class-conflict framing, "billionaires versus working people," functions as a cultural aperture that may filter out cases where concentrated capital does produce genuine wealth-side coordination. Not every large corporation is Kellogg's. Not every billionaire is buying elections. The framework must note that a cultural lens organized around class antagonism, while accurate in identifying many extraction patterns, can also prevent recognition of wealth-creating activity that happens to be conducted at scale. Additionally, Osborn's hesitance to directly criticize Trump by name, even while opposing Trump's tax bill and trade policies, suggests a cultural calculation: maintaining accessibility to Trump-supporting voters by avoiding tribal trigger phrases. This is strategically rational but epistemically costly. If the framework demands that verified data enter the coordination record regardless of tribal consequences, then strategic ambiguity about a political figure's record is a mild debt-side cultural behavior.
The framework says: Osborn's cultural field is genuinely mixed. His direct-experience lens produces high-fidelity perception of working-class coordination costs, which is a population whose feedback is systematically filtered out of conventional political culture. His willingness to update positions based on evidence (term limits) is wealth-side. His cross-partisan communication strategy (speaking at union halls and Republican-leaning cafes with the same message) actively works to widen the cultural aperture beyond partisan identity. But his class-conflict framing carries the risk of becoming its own filter, and his strategic ambiguity on certain political figures trades epistemic clarity for electoral viability. The framework does not demand political suicide, but it does note the cost.
Framework synthesis
Dan Osborn presents the most structurally interesting profile in this series so far: a candidate whose strongest wealth-side signals come from the Tribal and Democracy axes, whose economic positions are genuinely complex rather than simply left or right, and whose cultural lens is shaped by direct experience rather than ideological inheritance. His Tribal field score is the standout: trust built through a verified 77-day coordination test, cross-boundary coalition building, and an explicit project to change the topology of who runs for office. His weakest areas are the Economic field's unresolved fiscal arithmetic and the Jurisdictional field's asymmetric application of campaign finance principles.
The deeper pattern is temporal. Osborn's positions consistently build from present stock: existing labor (workers deserve fair compensation for work already performed), existing law (enforce antitrust statutes already on the books), existing capital (maintain the equipment you already own), existing democratic infrastructure (voters should choose senators, not billionaires). This present-stock orientation is the wealth-side signature that connects his otherwise eclectic positions into a coherent geometry. Where his platform borrows from imagined futures, it does so in the standard political way: promising more spending, lower taxes, and deficit neutrality without showing the math. The framework's honest assessment is that Osborn is more wealth-aligned than most candidates on structural questions and more debt-aligned than he acknowledges on fiscal ones.
What the 8D compass misses
The conventional spectrum places Osborn as a "moderate liberal populist" (OnTheIssues) or a "fake independent" (NRSC) or a "working-class progressive" (The Nation). None of these labels captures what coordination geometry reveals: that Osborn's most significant contribution is not his policy positions but his structural experiment.
The independent candidacy itself is the framework's primary object of interest. Osborn is not simply running as a Democrat without the label, as Republicans claim. He is attempting to demonstrate that a different trust topology can produce electoral viability in a system designed to prevent it. The Kellogg strike was a proof of concept: a small, resource-constrained group, organized around verified competence rather than institutional affiliation, sustained coordination pressure against a vastly larger opponent for 77 days and won. The Senate campaigns are the scaled version of the same experiment.
What the 8D compass cannot see is the relationship between Osborn's Tribal field innovation and his economic positions. His anti-consolidation stance is not merely a policy preference. It is the economic expression of the same coordination principle that drives his independent candidacy: concentrated power, whether corporate or partisan, reduces the coordination options available to everyone else. When four companies control meatpacking, farmers lose exit. When two parties control elections, voters lose exit. When one family buys a state's political infrastructure, citizens lose exit. Osborn's positions, read through the framework, are all exit-preservation positions. The 8D compass sees them as scattered across multiple axes. Coordination geometry sees them as expressions of a single geometric principle.
The most instructive tension in Osborn's profile is between his wealth-side structural instincts and his debt-side fiscal ambiguity. He accurately identifies extraction patterns that most politicians cannot see or will not name. But his remedies rely on the same "cut waste and close loopholes" arithmetic that every candidate deploys to avoid the harder question of what gets defunded when the math does not work. The framework's honest reading is that Osborn is a candidate who sees the coordination problem more clearly than most, proposes structural solutions that are genuinely wealth-aligned, and then funds the package with the same temporal debt that the system he opposes runs on. This is not hypocrisy. It is the constraint that every candidate who wants to win faces in a system that punishes fiscal honesty. But the framework notes it, because the framework notes everything.
Living Civilization candidate analysis series. This analysis applies the framework of coordination geometry to the public record. It is not an endorsement. The framework illuminates structural alignment; voters must weigh structural analysis alongside their own values, priorities, and local knowledge.